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Dateline: May 29, 2011 - The divorce referendum was held in Malta to consult the electorate on the introduction of divorce, and resulted in a majority of the voters approving legalisation of divorce. At that time, Malta was one of only three countries in the world, along with the Philippines and the Vatican City,in which divorce was not permitted.. As a consequence of the referendum outcome, a law allowing divorce under certain conditions was enacted in the same year.
As Philippines and Vatican are the remaining two countries where no divorce is allowed, are Filipinos ready to accept it now?
 Philippine law, in general, does not provide for divorce inside the Philippines. The only exception is with respect to Muslims, who are allowed to divorce in certain circumstances. The Code of Muslim Personal Laws of the Philippines allows for divorce—however, with stipulations: namely, a man can divorce his wife, but a woman cannot divorce her husband. For those not of the Muslim faith, the law only allows annulment of marriages. Article 26 of the Family Code of the Philippines does provide that
- Where a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner is validly celebrated and a divorce is thereafter validly obtained abroad by the alien spouse capacitating him or her to remarry, the Filipino spouse shall have capacity to remarry under Philippine law.
This would seem to apply only if the spouse obtaining the foreign divorce is an alien.
According to a Social Weather Station survey conducted in March 2011, “50 percent of adult Filipinos agree and 33 percent disagree with the statement: 'Married couples who have already separated and cannot reconcile anymore should be allowed to divorce so that they can get legally married again.’” In 2005, a similar survey was conducted which showed that 43 percent of adult Filipinos were in favor of divorce and 44 percent were not.
According to the Proposed divorce bill , House Bill 1799 , in Congress sponsored by the Gabriela Partylist, the sanctity of marriage is not based on the number of marriages existing but on the quality of marital relationships. When a marriage is no longer viable, divorce should be an option. Underpinning this proposal is a commitment to the policy of the State to protect and strengthen marriage and the family as basic social institutions, to value the dignity of every human person, to guarantee full respect for human rights, and to ensure the fundamental equality before the law of women and men. Even when couples start out well in their marriage, political, economic and social realities take their toll on their relationship. Some are not prepared to handle the intricacies of the married life. For a large number of women, the inequalities and violence in marriage negate its ideals as the embodiment of love, care and safety and erode the bases upon which a marriage is founded. The marital relations facilitate the commission of violence and perpetuate their oppression.
Given these realities, the bill stressed, couples must have the option to avail of remedies that will pave the way for the attainment of their full human development and selffulfillment and the protection of their human rights. The following are the grounds under the proposed bill:
(1) THE PETITIONER HAS BEEN SEPARATED DE FACTO FROM HIS OR HER SPOUSE FOR AT LEAST FIVE YEARS AT THE TIME OF THE FILING OF THE PETITION AND RECONCILIATION IS HIGHLY IMPROBABLE;
(2) THE PETITIONER HAS BEEN LEGALLY SEPARATED FROM HIS OR HER SPOUSE FOR AT LEAST TWO YEARS AT THE TIME OF THE FILING OF THE PETITION AND RECONCILIATION IS HIGHLY IMPROBABLE;
(3) WHEN ANY OF THE GROUNDS FOR LEGAL SEPARATION UNDER PARAGRAPH (A) OF THIS ARTICLE HAS CAUSED THE IRREPARABLE BREAKDOWN OF THE MARRIAGE;
(4) WHEN ONE OR BOTH SPOUSES ARE PSYCHOLOGICALLY INCAPACITATED TO COMPLY WITH THE ESSENTIAL MARITAL OBLIGATIONS;
(5) WHEN THE SPOUSES SUFFER FROM IRRECONCILABLE DIFFERENCES THAT HAVE CAUSED THE IRREPARABLE BREAKDOWN OF THE MARRIAGE.”
 Annulment of Marriage
Under the present legal regime, the process for a marriage solemnized in the Philippines to be
terminated is called an annulment.
An annulment unlike a divorce has the effect of considering the marriage as “void ab initio”,
a latin term to meaning the marriage NEVER existed at all. The grounds
for annulment are often pertaining to the absence of, or defect in, one
of the essential or formal requisites of marriage. Although it has a
different effect in how it considers the marriage (null and void) after annulment,
it has however the same effect in terms of capacitating the parties to
remarry. It should be noted that for a marriage to take place, there are
essential requisites and formal requisites which must first be met.
The
essential requisites of marriage are: 1) legal capacity of the
contracting party, who must be male and female, and 2) consent freely
given in the presence of the solemnizing officer (Article 2, Family Code
[FC]). The formal requisites of marriage are (1) authority of the
solemnizing officer, (2) a valid marriage license (except in specific
instances mentioned under Chapter 2 of the Family Code), and (3) a
marriage ceremony which takes place with both of the contracting
parties appearing before the solemnizing officer and declaring that they
take each other as husband and wife in the presence of not less than
two witnesses of legal age. (Article 3, FC).
In an Action for Annulment of Marriage, the following marriages may be annulled:
- that
the party in whose behalf it is sought to have the marriage
annulled was eighteen years of age or over, but below twenty-one,
and the marriage was solemnized without the consent of the parents,
guardian or person having substitute parental authority over the
party, in that order, unless after attaining the age of twenty-one,
such party freely cohabited with the other and both lived together as
husband and wife;
- that
either party was of unsound mind, unless such party after coming
to reason, freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife;
- that the consent of either party was obtained by fraud, unless such party
afterwards, with full knowledge of the facts constituting the fraud, freely
cohabited with the other as husband and wife;
- that
the consent of either party was obtained by force, intimidation or
undue influence, unless the same having disappeared or ceased,
such party thereafter freely cohabited with the other as husband
and wife;
- that
either party was physically incapable of consummating the marriage
with the other, and such incapacity continues and appears to be
incurable; or
- that either party was afflicted with a sexually-transmissible disease found to be serious and appears to be incurable.
Unlike
in the first set of grounds above mentioned, an action for
the annulment of marriage prescribes; in case of lack of consent, until
the party filing for annulment reaches 21; in case of insanity until
the death of either party or the lucid interval of the insane spouse; in
case of fraud, force, intimidation or undue influence, incapacity to
consummate the marriage or knowledge of the sexually-transmissible
disease, within five years from the occurrence of the fraud, force,
intimidation or undue influence, incapacity to consummate the marriage
or knowledge of the sexually-transmissible disease.
Although many loosely call all actions for terminating marriage in the Philippines as annulment, the truth is there are other actions that may be instituted to terminate the marriage.
Declaration of Nullity of Marriage
Grounds rendering a marriage “void ab initio” are:
- those contracted by any party below 18 even with the consent of parents
or guardians;
- those
solemnized by any person not legally authorized to
perform marriage unless either or both parties believed in good
faith that the solemnizing officer had the legal authority to do so;
- those solemnized without a marriage license except those expresslyexempted by law to secure a marriage license;
- those bigamous or polygamous marriages;
- those contracted through mistake of one of the contracting parties as to the identity of the other;
- incestuous marriages as defined in Article 37 of the FC; and
- void
marriages by reason of public policy (i.e. between step-parents
and step-children, between adopting parent and adopted child).
An
action for the declaration of the absolute nullity of marriage may be
instituted at any time and shall not prescribe (Art. 39, FC).
It
must be emphasized that although the marriage is void from the
beginning, a party cannot unilaterally contract a subsequent marriage
with the thought in mind that the previous marriage was invalid. For
example, A and B contracted a marriage with a fake marriage license.
Spouse B who knew that the marriage license was fake contracted a second
marriage with C. Is the marriage between Spouse B and C valid? No!
The marriage between A and B should have first been declared null and
void by the Court before Spouse B and C can marry.
.
In the event that annulment is not feasible, the Family Code Art. 55 (A) states that a petition for legal separation may be filed on any of
the following grounds:
(1) Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner;
(2) Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious or political affiliation;
(3) Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner, to engage in prostitution, or
connivance in such corruption or inducement;
(4) Final judgment sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of more
than six years, even if pardoned;
(5) Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondent;
(6) Lesbianism or homosexuality-of the respondent;
(7) Contracting by the respondent of a subsequent bigamous marriage,
whether in the Philippines or abroad;,
(8) Sexual infidelity or perversion;
(9) Attempt by the respondent against life of the petitioner; or
(10) Abandonment of petitioner by respondent without justifiable cause for more than one year.
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